Pop-up advertisements experienced a remarkable surge in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly easy way for businesses to reach a vast audience. Driven by their noticeable visibility, these intrusive windows became ubiquitous across the internet , generating substantial earnings for publishers and promoters . However, user d

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis examines the diverse strategies employed by fraudsters and highlights their consequences on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By comparing various illegitimate practices across different platforms and geographies, this